Am. 6 Ja4m;sjlW%`xaOkC 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Nuclear waste management is not investigated due to its volatile nature and complicated . Guidance on solid waste and health Solid waste refers to any type of garbage, trash, refuse or discarded material. Manag. Medical wastes are hazardous; hence, they require a special attention. Prior its final disposal it. 2021, 123 (2021). 5 0 obj stone in understanding the healthcare waste management system. As such, certain guidelines and procedures have been developed by international aid agencies and conventions to guide national governments and local . Radiation Protection Act 2007. 749, 141652 (2020). Eng. (Q2OHJi bI ,C(uOD,-S:yv:H, Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The purpose is to protect the workers who manage the wastes from point of spill to disposal. ,mDheymvh0+ ,{&rsL"[z@x#|b$MXh*[5FKg~Mt_!hjQ b,Q2d;(%&N^sieb*[eklu\NmQH4^'qi+W93 A 116, 109461 (2019). KEYWORDS: Environment, potentially toxic substances, human health risk, Nigeria. Res. Shareefdeen, Medical waste management and control. This part shall be known and may be cited as the Medical Waste Management Act. Biomedical waste management for health care industry: A review, Environmental Impact of Urban Waste Management towards Poverty Alleviation, Methodology to develop reference substances for measurement of organic micropollutants in wastewater systems and surface waters, Challenges to Waste Management Practices in Indian Health Care Sector, HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE NOTE. About 57% of the total waste generated in Maharashtra is biomedical waste. Ogah, D.A. i.e., a person who has responsibility over an institution and is responsible for ensuring that waste created is managed . Healthcare Environmental Resource Center (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2021.1885325, N. Singh, Y. Tang, Z. Zhang, C. Zheng, COVID-19 waste management: Effective and successful measures in Wuhan, China. J. Environ. Background: The safe management of healthcare waste remains a public health issue in many countries of the world. PubMed Central Acquiring facility that will accommodate the design of medical waste recycling plant we want to build will cost - $120,000. By virtue of its definition, guidelines are not mandatory and are therefore not enforceable through civil charges or fines. To manage healthcare waste effectively, health and. This will be used to analyse traffic to the website, allowing us to understand visitor preferences and improving our services. Technol. This is of significant concern because open dumping and open burning are not sustainable practices. Accessed 29 July 2021, US EPA, Medical Waste (2011). How could this website work better for you. The budget for Liability insurance, permits and license will cost - $3,500. PLoS One 11(7), e0159261 (2016). Efficient waste management is critical for healthcare institutions because medical waste can be pathogenic and environmentally hazardous. Because Liberia lacks a comprehensive and legal framework regarding defining hazardous healthcare waste; the consequences affect hospital administrators, doctors, nurses, waste handlers, patients, the general public, and the environment. htk0IC)fcP[EX~>7w!@p Pa}!S KEYWORDS: Awareness, biomedical waste management, hospital waste management, anatomical waste, chemical waste, bio Technology Waste. Crit. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.049, Biohazard symbol, (n.d.). hospital waste, its management and consequences to human health and the environment.14 Another study in Dhaka city reported that there is also lack of awareness and willingness at health policy and law levels regarding proper management of medical waste15. It refers to materials originating from healthcare facilities, that are no more beneficial for living beings. 2019, International Journal of Scientific research and review. All the facilities had infection prevention committee and all the various types of waste boxes were available and used in the facilities for waste segregation. Commercial medical waste treatment technologies include incineration, melting, autoclaving, and chemical disinfection. of Health Care Facilities (HCFs) out of which 1, 06,796 no. Aung, S. Luan, Q. Xu, Application of multi-criteria-decision approach for the analysis of medical waste management systems in Myanmar. Google Scholar, R.E. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Eze, E.J. Statistical Package for the Social sciences (SPSS) version 15 was used for data analysis, and results presented as tables, with continuous variables summarized as means and standard deviations. Medical Waste Management Publication 11 June 2020 The world is generating more and more waste and hospitals and health centres are no exception. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/environmental/background/medical-waste.html. To manage healthcare waste effectively, health and social care providers will need to consider: The Department of Health has published revised guidance on the Safe management of healthcare waste. 163, 105071 (2020). The World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe has convened a special working group of experts to prepare a short manual of good practice, conducted training courses at the request of national health authorities, supported and cosponsored conferences and is planning to prepare and publish a handbook for worldwide use. ", This report describes the technology used for plasma-chemical disinfection of hazardous medical waste (HMW), which employs high-temperature mineralization. Key elements in improving health-care waste management are: Bio-medical Waste . Hazardous Waste Management pp 113133Cite as. stream Growth of large urban areas, tourist flow, rise of living standards and change of consuming . 1 0 obj <> PubMed The management of solid waste pollution control medical hospital, is one of the fundamental problems in the city of Medan and application supervision is the main business licensing and control alternatives in accordance with applicable regulations. ?"_-(T|vZMC~Dx G=6Iwva{,D{y*/>>]]\n5v? Although the. Okafor Christian I. Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Tech., Dip, MNITP, FIMC, CMC. Thesis Of Medical Waste Management Pdf that you are looking for. http://www.basel.int/Home/tabid/2202/Default.aspx. 2. Wastes were evacuated to points of final disposal even though there were some operational challenges with the process. Accessed 9 Aug 2021, Y. Chartier, J. Emmanuel, U. Pieper, A. Prss, P. Rushbrook, R. Stringer, et al., Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activities (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2014), Environmental Waste International, (n.d.). PubMed Medical centers including hospitals, clinics and places where diagnosis and treatment are conducted generate wastes that are highly hazardous and put people under risk of fatal diseases. 113, 197209 (2020). Updated 7 March 2023. 4 0 obj 357 0 obj <>stream Infection control and health and safety legislation; Managing the waste and ensuring compliance, Types / classification of waste and how it should be safely stored. It draws on the key principles of HTM 07-01, Safe Management of Healthcare waste to ensure that systems are in place to ensure that waste is managed in a safe manner and critical waste disposal resources are not exhausted during the COVID- 19 emergency response. Global J. Environ. Sharps vii. Environment and Forests passed the legislation in 1986, the Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules were notified by the Ministry in July 1998. Includes Press Release stating that: "The screen captures used in this review are reproduced with permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2008. Adequate management of healthcare waste (HCW) is a prerequisite for efficient delivery of healthcare services. Partner with WM to keep trace chemotherapy, pathological and other high-cost waste streams properly segregated so you can minimize final disposal costs. Google Scholar, V. Hulley, Waste Management (Delve Publishing. ABSTRACT Proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes are important elements of health care office infection control programme. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2018.203.211, Medical wastes, (n.d.). These rules consist of four schedules and five forms. Zr~Jh}UnKqB0'A|(N#v`5&}YPR z{XnV''@gtIqpDy DJp$ e`9errf@ The Ministry of Environment and Forests of India provided a regulatory framework for the management of biomedical waste, wherein biomedical waste is to be properly collected and bagged in. Radiation Protection. Objectives of BMW (Biomedical waste) management mainly involves preventing transmission of disease from patient to patient, from patient to health worker and vice versa to present injury to the healthcare worker and workers in support services, while handling biomedical waste, to prevent genital exposure to the harmful effects of the cytotoxic, genotoxic ,Anatomical Waste, Bio Technology Waste and chemical biomedical waste generated in hospitals. Fahim Bin Alam and A.B.M. Clean. Waste management is a basic public health concern and needs to be integrated from the beginning of project planning. Chem. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. It can be categorized according to where the waste is generated, for example as municipal solid waste, health care waste and e-waste. Liquid waste: These types of wastes accumulate from various households and industries, and it includes grease, oil, sludges, washes water, detergents, dirty water, and even rainwater for disposal.Liquid wastes are under two classifications, namely non-point and point source waste. z XA kHVU[kC?ou_7|w! ~k If patients are to receive health care and recover in safe surroundings, waste must be disposed of safely. Sci. World Health Organization: "Health-care Waste," "Tonnes of COVID-19 health care waste expose urgent need to improve waste management systems." UCLA: "Medical Waste Management." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. Lawani, J.N. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted using key informant interview and direct observation of HCWM practices in 5 facilities selected from 3 out of the 6 priority states supported by AIDSTAR1. Google Scholar, O.B. Sustain. There is no proper, systematic management of medical waste except in a few private HCE that segregate their infectious wastes, and a newly designed medical waste management system currently serves a limited number of HCE. Pharmaceuticals and viii. U?Ln'u5"bR*S8u#@LQ9 6-zbOE5&4VVcb54R2Dt4AZI,'@XPMCl\*3 &&,)rDnDI"RZuS PI\iU&dFFuL|1 8F$+e'qDT1ABp)RH!-Od hXnESRRH@lN,ll _ Paydar, A.S. Safaei, A reverse supply chain for medical waste: A case study in Babol healthcare sector. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.033, R. Md Yousuf, K. Rezaul, Determining the hazardous medical waste generation rates of private health care facilities-case study from Dhaka City of Bangladesh. Sources of Biomedical Waste: Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Ecotoxicology & Environmental Sciences, Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research (JAEHR), IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology and Engineering, Perception and Practice of Health Personnel Regarding Biomedical Waste Management (BMW) in Selected wards of S.C.B. https://www.hercenter.org/rmw/rmwoverview.php. Science and Education Development Institute (SEDInst). In the remaining 50% of the hospitals, the dominant treatment and disposal methods used were general collection of the waste, open dumping and burning. Ten hospitals were randomly selected in each ward, representing the ten administrative wards of urban Bauchi, in which 148 set of questionnaires were administered among the waste handlers in the selected hospitals. J. Environ. Saqib, Plasma gasification of municipal solid waste for waste-to-value processing. 756, 143607 (2021). This is raising some environmental concerns among stakeholders in the health sector. 276, 116621 (2021). State Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be. endstream endobj 358 0 obj <>stream Radioactive iv. 61, 539546 (2017). NHS England is not responsible for content on external websites. The United States Medical Waste Tracking act of 1988 defines medical waste as "any solid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals" ( United States Congress, 1988 ). performances in 25 districts across 20 Indian States, Final Report Report on Bio-medical Waste Management in Hospitals and Path Labs located in NDMC Area, 0.59062000_1469511231_Bio-Medical-Waste-Management-SOP_2.pdf, A Case Study of Biomedical Waste Management in Hospitals, Assessment and disposal issues of biomedical waste-case study Allahabad city, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Staff on Segregation of Hospital Waste: A Case Study of a Tertiary Private Hospital in Kenya, KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG THE HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN HOSPITALS OF KASHMIR, Infrastructure Assessment of Biomedical Waste Management Facility at Healthcare Establishments in Kolkata, A Study of the Bio-Medical Waste Management in a Teaching Hospital (NCMC and Hospital, Panipat, Assessment of Biomedical Waste in Govt. 13, 100163 (2019). You canread more about our cookies before you choose. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105071, CrossRef This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. $.' 279, 116934 (2021). This manual provides guidance on what is essential and what actions are required to ensure good management of waste. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management. Accessed 8 Aug 2021, S. Sangkham, Face mask and medical waste disposal during the novel COVID-19 pandemic in Asia. <> Abstract. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Smith, A. Fiegen, Lean and green hand surgery. Bio-medical Waste Management Scenario Annual Report Information has been submitted by 35 SPCBs/PCCs and DGAFMS for the year 2019 and as per the compiled annual report information for the year 2019, there are 3, 22,425 no. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Google Scholar, A. Olaifa, R. Govender, A. Ross, Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers about healthcare waste management at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. sQJ'X https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24230/9527, T.S. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.11.007, K.H. (eds) Hazardous Waste Management. {p|fv[~{nOzaH/>kMg.MuVN3nj\F%WOV,{y3~O{_eH(bu::iP4'>f,*rILdli-RG?}~x{xynu+~13/~*>?9Z*}T}$nuO@1)`("yoom/"-yPt8-6,|oP;"oj=YOs,*l__cJ}m+#um{,s]mV+]Q a}TPJ!lffCAlKZ11fFqdJ~rZpQSd{Oh-gMe08r(*'?[kJ|y6pcXNvYi}dy'Tk!Ie#2;`@9]AUY_;c73zKveX-zL!wdCN(.h)i }Tzs[nUU1Uc`U+';vye:|[(bzR\fupg4PRd(kFU5TPwI?cdUXj#.+ofKd)n (Ionising Radiation) Regulations 2023. Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Shareefdeen, Z., Ashoobi, N., Ilyas, U. This research is empirical legal research using a statutory, conceptual, and sociological approach and the analysis used is qualitative descriptive analysis on medical waste treatment in hospitals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141652, CrossRef IJIRAE - International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering, Biomedical Waste, (BMW), are those potential hazardous waste materials, consisting of solids, liquids, sharps, and laboratory waste which pose a grave danger to the health of humans as well as other living organisms. These send information about how our site is used to a service called Google Analytics. MICROBIOLOGY MODULE Bio Medical Waste Management Microbiology 64 Notes Bio medical waste zAlways remember to disinfect and mutilate the waste before its final disposal zRemember the following while treating the bio medical waste Anatomical waste to be deep buried Syringes to be cut (with hub cutters) and chemically disinfected with 1% bleaching powder solution at source of generation before final Anozie, L.O. Google Scholar, D. Komilis, N. Makroleivaditis, E. Nikolakopoulou, Generation and composition of medical wastes from private medical microbiology laboratories. endstream endobj 323 0 obj <>stream Health Technical Memorandum 07-01: safe management of healthcare waste, (HTM 07-02) Making energy work in healthcare, (HTM 07-04) Water management and water efficiency, (HTM 07-07) Building planning and construction in the health sector, Storage, distribution and disposal of vaccines: the green book, chapter 3. This study assesses compliance with medical waste management practice in hospitals across urban Bauchi. However below, similar to you visit this web page, it will be hence extremely simple to acquire as without difficulty as download lead Phd Thesis Of Medical Waste Management Pdf It will not resign yourself to many period as we run by before. 43(2), 179181 (2018). According to these rules, every occupier or operator handling bio-medical waste, irrespective of the quantity is required to obtain authorisation from the respective prescribed authority i.e. J. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. 2 0 obj The amount required to purchase the needed medical waste recycling equipment and machines - $80,000. In the first phase of selection, both the mentioned data-bases were consulted in an effort to retrieve research articles with the following keywords: healthcare waste, medical waste, hospi- Springer, Cham. Addressing this problem will necessarily start with gaining support from health managers at this level of healthcare delivery. PROJECT REPORT BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT By: ROCHAN BANGA CLASS: XII-E. 2. PubMed Provide in the medical waste management plan the techniques performed and disinfectants to be utilized in the cleanup of medical waste spills. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Bioresour. However, experience from Hubei Province, PRC, has shown that transport and disposal elements of the system will be the first to be overwhelmed (footnote 1). Hospitals of Cuttack City, Medical Waste: A Nobody's Responsibility After Disposal Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. Walker, A.C. Duarte, T. Rocha-Santos, COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and management of plastics. There was simply not enough data regarding medical waste management technology, along with its impact on public health and environment, and the toxicity associated with medical waste in cases of mishandling could lead to degradation of the environment. <>>> Materials and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in 12 Primary healthcare centers in Esan West local government area of Edo State. By entering this website, you consent to the use of technologies, such as cookies and analytics, to customise content, advertising and provide social media features. Int. In exercise of the powers conferred by section 57 (1) of the Radiation Protection Act 2007, the National Environment Agency, with the approval of the Minister for Sustainability and the Environment, makes the following Regulations: PART 1. Pharm. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. CAS Medical College Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, Rules and management of biomedical waste at Vivekananda Polyclinic: A case study, Biomedical waste management for health care industry: A review, An assessment of medical waste management in health institutions in Yenagoa, South-South, Nigeria, Biomedical waste management: an infrastructural survey of hospitals, Holistic approach of biomedical waste management system with regard to health and environmental risks, HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE NOTE, To Study the solid waste generated per bed per day at district hospital kargil a remote high altitude area, Biomedical Waste: An Introduction to its Management, Biomedical waste management in Nepal- a review, IJIRAE::Biomedical Waste: An Introduction to its Management, Legal Provisions and Management Perspectives of Biomedical and Hospital Waste in India, Healthcare Waste - Environmental Concern of Escalating Magnitude, Establishing biomedical waste management system in Medical University of India A successful practical approach, Biomedical Waste Management in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Report, Standard Operating Procedures For Hospitals in Chhattisgarh Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Chhattisgarh, A simplified model for biomedical waste management in dental practices - A pilot project at Thane, India, Case study Exploration of Biomedical Waste in Multispecialty Hospital in Madurai, BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THEIR POSSIBLE HEALTH RISKS WITH CONTROLLING MEASURES IN BAREILLY CITY, UP, INDIA, EVALUATION OF MEDICAL WASTES DISPOSAL METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN JORDAN, CRITICAL REVIEW IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AWARENESS TOWARDS BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW, CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE OF MYSURU CITY HOSPITALS, Assessment of Healthcare Waste Management practices in Primary Health Care Facilities in a Lassa Fever Endemic Local Government Area of Edo state, Nigeria. The management of healthcare waste is an essential part of ensuring that health and social care activities do not pose a risk of infection. Additional policies governing the collection, transport, and disposal are presented in the policies Sustain. Anozie, Knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare managers to medical waste management and occupational safety practices. Project Report # 4. 1 2 1, Guidelines safe disposal unwanted pharmaceuticals, Evaluation of Medical Waste Incinerators in Alexandria, Present Status of Medical Waste Disposal & It's Managemet System in Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH), Present Status of Medical Waste Disposal and Its Management System in Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, An assessment of medical waste management in health institutions in Yenagoa, South-South, Nigeria, ASSESMENT OF MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH, Non-Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technologies, Clinical solid waste management practices and its impact on human health and environment A review, Assessment and disposal issues of biomedical waste-case study Allahabad city, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT BY BURNING INSIDE HEALTH FACILITIES, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal An analysis of medical waste management practices in the health care sector in Colombo Article information, Medical Waste Management is Vital for Safe Town Development: An Incident Study in Jessore Town, Bangladesh, in European Journal of Sustainable Development Research Vol 2 Issue 3 2018, Public health implication of improper hospital waste disposal in Zonkwa district of Zangon-kataf local government area, Kaduna state, Assessment of Healthcare Waste Management Paradigms and Its Suitable Treatment Alternative: A Case Study, Assessment of Biomedical Waste in Govt. %PDF-1.5 Coding health and social care RIDDOR reports. cost-effective and disposes of the waste in . Introduction The management and treatment of Medical Waste (MW) are of great concern owing to its potential hazard to human health and the environment, particularly in developing countries. https://doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2018.1432137, J.C. Prata, A.L.P. Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of major concern not only to hospitals, nursing home authorities but also to the environment. Chemical and medical wastes 0.7% Mixed ordinary wastes 10.3% Figure 3: Estimated composition (%) of MW generated (1990-2007) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 . Pathological iii. (aJX FAr 4Y5"14"OED\m_P eY E#2G3U9#NiPYs#A,Ni%KiYEVIE|:&wWbKZ]~quw?5brVvVMxo>F])##~{c Environ. Aside from the price you pay for buying them, you also have to pay for disposal. A hospital's proposed segregation categories and comprehensive medical waste management approach is provided in Figure 1.4 Waste minimization by recycling and reuse of medical waste such as syringes is gaining popularity as a regulatory strategy.I0>'' 14, 4 (2018). See Section 118295(b) for approved disinfectants and use. Hospital waste is a major environmental concern nowadays. This chapter discusses waste management techniques such as segregation, labeling, separation, and waste minimization methods, in addition to medical waste treatment methods including landfilling, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, microwave disinfection, plasma gasification, and pyrolysis. TTk_Krq.VGW$E=Eq)+F'hrex'Wt,] QQ\QNk0cY$BUIXTHEVa5$0G2G9m)+af%d%(a! The management of healthcare waste is an essential part of ensuring that health and social care activities do not pose a risk of infection. Step 5: Implement the Selected . Allocate human and financial resources to safely This study is to assess the level of implementation of national guideline on HCWM in Nigeria. a. Biohazard Waste Bags To provide guidelines for medical waste management. Creating a new NHS England: NHS Digital and NHS England have now merged. endobj Sci. Part of Springer Nature. Accessed 11 Dec 2021, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities (2003). If properly designed and applied, waste management can be a relatively effective and effective compliance related practice. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Hospital waste management, also called medical waste management, is a system that handles the segregation, containment, and disposal of hazardous, hospital-generated, infectious waste. Various waste management strategies and processes are discussed in section four. waste contaminated with blood and other body fluids laboratory cultures and microbiological stocks waste including excreta and other materials that have been in contact with patients infected with highly infectious diseases in isolation wards Pathological waste Human tissues, organs or fluids; body parts; fetuses; unused blood products International Committee of the Red Cross, Donate to Israel and the occupied territory. Biomedical waste management is of great importance to reduce the serious health implications. Technol. Prod. endobj the bio-medical wastes generated from health care units depend upon a number of factors such as waste management methods, type of health care units, occupancy of healthcare units, This waste is generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunisation in hospitals, nursing . control and bio-medical waste management. South African Family Practice, 60(5), 137145 (2018). Umezurike, R.O. CAS A total of 5 (33.5%) centers also did not practice any type of dis infection, 7 (46.7%) and 9 (60.0%) of these centers did not have medical waste plan, nor specification for the collection and handling procedures of their medical wastes, respec tively. This article deals with the basic issues of biomedical waste disposal and management of biomedical waste. EZMIo.#)_\mYZ["LOh-wX$9 /w7_Y f) W.^amfc(C'kk7Ty/-p2"pv-v*;w) 4R_G|S"vG,Gk*7)h-g@8IRivg3WsV;[z*Rn,v/aYt>Y,YOY!Rh:} Bio medical waste (BMW) generation is the most significant environmental impact of Urban Primary Health Center (UPHC) operations followed by generation of plastic waste, waste water, air pollution and infections, contaminated water, and . Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The management of healthcare waste in Nigeria is characterised with poor conduct and obsolete disposal protocols. There is also a large increase in the amount of single use plastics being produced. The disposal of dead bodies is dealt with in Chapter 9.
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